Which factor is integral to the survival of complex ecosystems?

Biological diversity is integral to the survival of complex ecosystems because it refers to the variety of life forms within a particular environment, including the diversity of species, genetic variations, and the ecosystems themselves. High levels of biological diversity enhance ecosystem resilience, enabling environments to withstand and recover from disturbances such as disease outbreaks, climate changes, and human impacts.

Ecosystems with greater biological diversity are better equipped to handle environmental stressors. This diversity promotes ecosystem stability and productivity, as different species often play unique roles, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and pest control, contributing to a more balanced and functioning ecosystem. The interactions among diverse organisms can lead to increased efficiency in resource use and adaptability to changing conditions.

In contrast, geographical isolation primarily affects species distribution and genetic diversity rather than overall ecosystem survivability. Cultural assimilation does not directly impact ecosystems but rather pertains to human social structures, and political structures influence environmental policy but are not directly linked to the biological components that sustain ecosystems. Understanding biological diversity is essential for conservation and sustainable management of ecosystems, highlighting its foundational role in supporting complex and vibrant natural environments.