Which of the following terms is correctly capitalized?

The term "English" is correctly capitalized because it refers specifically to the name of a language and is also often used to designate a school subject, such as English literature or English composition. In academic contexts, subject names derived from proper nouns are capitalized, and "English," as it is based on the name of a nationality (the English people), follows this rule.

The other terms, while often capitalized in certain contexts, may not be in all situations. For instance, "science," "mathematics," and "economics" can be capitalized if they refer to specific courses or programs (e.g., Science 101), but when used in a general sense or as a field of study, they are typically not capitalized. In contrast, "English" maintains its capitalization regardless of context because it is directly tied to a specific proper noun.